BIOGRAPHICAL

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

            The author was horn in Rangoon, Burma, in 1914, and attended elementary school in Taunggyi until the age of thirteen. He attended high school in Granville, Ohio. And Drury College, Springfield, Missouri. Receiving the A.B. degree in 1936.
            In September, 1939, he entered Kennedy School of Missions, Hartford, Connecticut, and received the Master of Arts degree in 1941.

            The author was married to Marion Shaw of Belcher-town, Massachusetts, in December, 1940, and returned to Taunggyi as a missionary under the American Baptist Convention in November, 1941. They were forced to return to the United States because of war, and he served two years as a rural minister in New Hampshire.

            In 1944 he attended Cornell University for one year, returning to Burma in 1945 with a research study assignment. He returned to complete his work in 1952. after a period of six and a half years among the Pa-o of the Shan States.

           

                                             ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

           

            The writer wishes to express his deepest appreciation to Dr. W. A. Anderson. Dr. C.B. Moore. And Dr. M. E. Opler for their counsel. Encouragement. And generous assistance in many way throughout the period of gathering of data and preparation of this dissertation. Without their help this study would not have been possible.

            The writer is grateful to Miss Mary Nang Mat Aye. A Pa-o lady who has been studying at Cornell University during the period of preparation of this thesis. Her knowledge and interpretations of the meaning of some of the customs and practices of her people have served as a constant check upon data and their significance in the Pa-o culture complex.

            His thanks are expressed to the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society for financial assistance which has made  possible the completion of this work.

            The writer owes much to his wife, Marion S. Hackett, who has given immeasurable assistance in the preparation of this manuscript and the final proofing of this thesis.

            The writer acknowledges the assistance of Mrs. Eileen Kohles, who typed the manuscript.

                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..........……... 1

PART I.          HABITAT AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

            CHAPTER

I.                   GEOGRAPHY……………………………………...............…….17

II.              THE ORIGIN AND TRIBAL AFFINITIES OF THE PA-O ...…….27

III.             PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PA-O………………38

IV.             MENTAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS ………………..44

V.                LANGUAGE…………………………………..…………………61

VI.             CLOTHING AND ADORNMENT………………………..……..67

VII.          NUMBERS AND MEASURES…………………………………...79

PART II.         DOMESTIC LIFE

            CHAPTER

VIII.       VILLAGE LOCATION……………………………………..………92

IX.             THE HOUSE PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION………………..……97

X.                HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS…………....…111

XI.             FOOD AND DRINK, -PREPARATION AND CONSUMPTION .119

XII.          OCCUPATIONS AND INDUSTRIES……………………….…...157

XIII.       AGRICULTURE…………………………………………….…….175

XIV.       ANIMAL HUSBANDRY…………………………………….…...214

XV.          MEDICINES AND DRUGS………………………………….…...231

XVI.       A ROUTINE YEAR IN THE LIFE OF THE PA-O…………...…...240

PART III.       SOCIAL LIFE

            CHAPTER

XVII.    INDIVIDUAL STATUS AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS...256

XVIII. MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY………………………………….310

XIX.       BIRTH, INFANCY. AND CHILDHOOD;
           THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION.........          .......................365

XX.          KINSHIP AND KIN GROUPS…………………………………...424

XXI.       THE COMMUNITY………………………………………………453

XXII.    GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES.....………………………………..484

XXIII. LAN AND JUSTICE………………………………………………493

XXIV. INTER-COMMUNITY CONFLICT, INTERTIDAL
  WARFARE, AND THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION……           …528

XXV.    SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND WELFARE……………   ……….541

XXVI.  DEATH…………………………………………… …………..569

PART IV. TELTGIOUS LIFE

           
           CHAPTER

            XXVII. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS……………………............………………..589

XXVII.   RELIGIOUS PRACTICES………………….........………………..627

XXVIII. ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION……………........………...661

PART V. CONCLUSIONS

            CHAPTER

            XXX.  IMPLICATIONS FOR A PROGRAM FOR TENT-
           GRATIN OF THE PA-O INTO THE
           NATIONALLIFE OF BURMA...................................................................693

                       BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………720

                       GLOSSARY……………………………………………………….726

                                                                        LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

1.         Map of the western part of the Southern Shan States, showing the area occupied by the Pa-o people; the small area immediately south of Taunggyi, approximately 300 square miles in area, in which this study was made…………………………………………………………………...17a